"Perang Psikis"

Ritchie Boys

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Ritchie Boys adalah sekumpulan sekitar 10.000^[1] pemuda, kebanyakan Yahudi, Jerman yang kabur dari negara kelahiran mereka dan pindah ke Amerika Serikat. Mereka memilih untuk bergabung dengan Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat dan dilatih di Pusat Pelatihan Intelijen Militer, juga dikenal sebagai Camp Ritchie, di Maryland. Mereka dilatih khusus dengan metode perang psikis. Mereka mampu menjalaninya karena mereka tahu bahasa Jerman dan mentalnya lebih baik daripada tentara kelahiran AS. Peran para tentara ini adalah mempelajari musuh, dan merendahkannya (PEMAKZULAN) untuk mencapai sebuah penyerahan tanpa syarat.

Setelah AS mengumumkan perang terhadap Jerman, Ritchie Boys (PENYUSUP bagi USA,karena DIA Kelahiran Jerman) menjadi senjata yang menentukan bagi para Sekutu. Mereka masuk ke Eropa pada D-Day, 6 Juni 1944 bersama dengan tentara Sekutu lainnya. Setelah mencapai daratan mereka meninggalkan satuannya dan menjalankan tugas khusus. Mereka mampu memberikan informasi berharga kepada Sekutu. Selain itu, Ritchie Boys membantu merusak pertahanan Jerman dengan merendahkannya di operasi terbuka dan tertutup. Mereka menginterogasi tahanan perang dan penyusup untuk memberikan informasi mengenai kekuatan pasukan, gerakan tentara, dan kondisi fisik dan psikis Jerman. Karena disinformasi melalui pengumuman suratkabar, selebaran, siaran radio, dan truk suara, penduduk dan militer Jerman terpaksa menghentikan perlawanan terhadap serbuan Sekutu.

Setelah perang, banyak di antara Ritchie Boys berperan sebagai penerjemah dalam Pengadilan Nuremberg. Setelah itu tidak ada reuni veteran atau acara semacamnya, karena di Perang Dunia II hanya ada periode pendek bagi hidup pada tentara. Banyak di antara mereka memiliki karier politik, ilmu pengetahuan, atau bisnis yang sukses.

Ritchie Boys terdiri dari beberapa orang berpengaruh seperti Hans Habe, Klaus Mann, Stefan Heym, Hanus Burger, dan David Robert Seymour.

Tahun 2004, kelompok ini dan tugas-tugasnya menjadi inspirasi film dokumenter The Ritchie Boys oleh sutradara Christian Bauer. Menampilkan sepuluh Ritchie Boys asli, film ini telah menerima banyak penghargaan.

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Obersalzberg Speech

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Obersalzberg Speech is a speech given by Adolf Hitler to Wehrmacht commanders at his Obersalzberg home on 22 August 1939, a week before the German invasion of Poland.^[1] The speech details, in particular, the pending German invasion of Poland and a planned extermination of Poles. It shows Hitler's knowledge of the extermination and his intention to carry out the said genocide in a planned manner.

According to Heath Lowry, a notorious Genocide denier and former Professor of Ottoman and Modern Turkish Studies at Princeton University, a close examination of the quotation reveals that "there is no historical basis for attributing such a statement to Hitler".^[30] German Conservative historian Andreas Hillgruber, once mentioned in 1976 about the L-3 document that the forgery is established beyond doubt (Die Fälschung steht zweifelsfrei fest).^[31]

Armenian Genocide denial

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Armenian Genocide denial is the act of denying the planned systematic genocide of 1.5 million Armenians during World War I, conducted by the Ottoman government. As a form of denialism, it can be compared to similar negationist historical revisionisms like Holocaust denial and Nanking Massacre denial.

The Armenian Genocide is almost unanimously acknowledged as a historical fact by historians and genocide scholars alike.^[1] It's also widely considered to have been the first modern genocide,^[2][3] with the word genocide itself having been invented by Raphael Lemkin to describe the sheer scale and success of the plan organized to systematically eliminate the Armenians.^[1][4] Revisionists typically argue the academic consensus of it being a genocide as anti-Turkish propaganda or as a conspiracy spread by the Armenians, instead claiming that it either did not occur or that it was somehow justified at the time.^[1][5] Genocide denial, including that of the Armenian Genocide, is officially outlawed in Switzerland, Greece, Cyprus and Slovakia.^[6][7][8]

Currently, only the governments of Turkey and Azerbaijan deny that there was an Armenian genocide.^[9][10][11] Many other countries, most controversially the United States (pressured by both the Turkish lobby and Anti-Defamation League) and Israel,^[12][13][14] have deliberately avoided officially recognizing it as a genocide to avoid harming relations with Turkey.^[1] The Turkish government has spent millions on Washington lobbying over the past decade, much of it focused on the Armenian genocide issue,^[15] and has in the past threatened politicians from other countries with strong retaliation to prevent them from using the word genocide.^[16][17][18] The Turkish regime has also been accused of attempting to intimidate and silence foreign investigative journalists and genocide scholars.^[19][20]

Time DVD incident

In the 6 June 2005 edition of Time Europe, the Ankara Chamber of Commerce included—along with a tourism in Turkey advertisement—a DVD containing a 70-minute presentation denying the Armenian Genocide. Time Europe later apologized for allowing the inclusion of the DVD and published a critical letter signed by five French organizations.^[105] The apology stated that the DVD had not been adequately reviewed by anyone at Time Europe because it was believed to be a benign promotion piece, and that it would not have been distributed if the magazine had been aware of its content. The magazine described the DVDs contents as a "so-called documentary" that "presents a one-sided view of history that does not meet our standards for fairness and accuracy".^[106][107] The February 12, 2007 edition of Time Europe included a full-page announcement and a DVD of a documentary about the Armenian Genocide by French director Laurence Jourdan, with an interview with Yves Ternon.^[108]

Chamber of commerce

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

KENAPA BUKAN ANKARA Chamber of Commerce?

  (Redirected from Chamber of Commerce)

This article is about trade organisations globally. For the American business lobbying organization, see United States Chamber of Commerce.

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Former headquarters of Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York, the oldest Chamber of commerce in the United States, established in 1768 during the British Colonial Period

A chamber of commerce (or board of trade) is a form of business network, for example, a local organization of businesses whose goal is to further the interests of businesses. Business owners in towns and cities form these local societies to advocate on behalf of the business community. Local businesses are members, and they elect a board of directors or executive council to set policy for the chamber. The board or council then hires a President, CEO or Executive Director, plus staffing appropriate to size, to run the organization.

The first chamber of commerce was founded in 1599 in Marseille, France.^[1][2][3][4] Another official chamber of commerce would follow 65 years later, probably in Bruges, then part of the Spanish Netherlands.^[5]

The world's oldest English-speaking chamber of commerce is the Jersey Chamber founded in February 1768,^[6] the same year the New York City Chamber was founded,^[7] The oldest known existing chamber in the English-speaking world with continuous records, the Glasgow Chamber of Commerce,^[8] was founded in 1783. However, Hull Chamber of Commerce^[9] is the UK's oldest, followed by those of Leeds and of Belfast in Northern Ireland.^{[citation needed]}

As a non-governmental institution, a chamber of commerce has no direct role in the writing and passage of laws and regulations that affect businesses. It may however, lobby in an attempt to get laws passed that are favorable to businesses. They also work closely with a number of other youth organizations in the country about the value and role of business in our society today.^[10]